Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Over 460,000 Americans die each year from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OOH-CA).About 20% of these occur in public places.Objective: PAD sought to determine whether laypersons trained and equipped to call 911, perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and use automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in public and residential locations, compared to laypersons trained only to call 911 and perform CPR, could increase survival for patients experiencing OOH-CA.Study design: Investigators identified and randomized 993 community units in 24 U.S. and Canadian cities with a predefined increased risk of OOH-CA.Volunteers were identified and trained to respond to OOH-CA using CPR only (497 sites) or CPR+AED (496 sites).The AED volunteers were trained to use the device within a 3-min time span.A total of 19,762 nonmedical volunteer rescuers consented to participate.Physicians, nurses, emergency medical technicians, firefighters, and police were excluded.More than 1,600 AEDs were put in place in the following types of locations: shopping (24%), recreation (24%), multi-unit residential (15%), entertainment (9%), community centers (7%), office complexes (7%), and other (14%).The primary patient population was defined as individuals (age ≥ 8 years) with confirmed, treatable OOH-CA of cardiac etiology.The primary endpoint was the number of patients surviving through hospital discharge.Results: In CPR-only units, 1,593 events were reported (presumed cardiac arrests [CA] = 228, definite CAs = 103).In CPR+AED units, there were 1,819 events (presumed CAs = 240, definite CAs = 129).In the CPR-only group,15 individuals survived to hospital discharge.In the CPR+AED group, 29 survived to hospital discharge (p = 0.042).Survival in residential units was low, with 1 in each group.Volunteer and patient adverse events were very few (serious 0.1% CPR-only, 0% CPR+AED, NS; mild-moderate 0.1% CPR-only, 0.4% CPR+AED, NS).Conclusions: Trained laypersons can use AEDs safely to provide early defibrillation.Survival nearly doubles when AEDs are added to CPR-trained, volunteer, OOH-CA response systems in public facilities with predefined increased risk.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.234 | 0.083 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".