The experiences of apathy in people with dementia and mild cognitive impairment and their carers: A qualitative interview study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Apathy, defined as reduced goal‐directed activity, social engagement and emotion, is highly prevalent in dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and has important consequences for the individuals that experience it and those who care for them. However, the lived experiences of this population is not well understood. This study aimed to explore how people with dementia and MCI and their carers experience apathy. Method People with early dementia and MCI living in four geographical areas of England were invited to take part in a qualitative interview. All participants had capacity to give informed consent. In‐depth semi‐structured interviews were conducted with fourteen people with dementia or MCI and carer dyads, and two participants without a carer present. Patient’s mean age was 76 years, Montreal Cognitive Assessment score was 20, and five were female. Interviews, conducted in the participant’s homes, lasted between 38 and 115 minutes, were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Result Findings were organised into two connected themes: ‘The struggle of everyday life is not worth it’ and ‘Threatened identity: changing sense of self and place in the world’. Participants’ everyday lives required more effort and were a “struggle” due to cognitive and physical impairments. This could make the effort to engage, act, and maintain interest not worth it, resulting in apparent apathy. Motivation to stay engaged despite difficulty was influenced by the accessibility of opportunities, and support from others. Participants views of their (past) autonomous and competent self were challenged by the changes they experienced. Participants sometimes focused on their present capabilities, and did what they were still able, whilst others found changes difficult to accept and withdrew from situations which challenged their sense of self. Conclusion Apathy is experienced as a response to the everyday difficulties participants faced, which could be exacerbated by lack of support and opportunities. This is in contrast to the popular view of apathy as a symptom of neurodegenerative changes that occur in dementia. Our findings echo those of qualitative research in people with Parkinson’s Disease (Simpson et al., 2014).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.016 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".