Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fault Interpretation Strategy for 3D model Simulation P. Mendoza; P. Mendoza PDVSA EPM Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar M. Floricich M. Floricich PDVSA EPM Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Paper presented at the SPE International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium and International Horizontal Well Technology Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, November 2002. Paper Number: SPE-78994-MS https://doi.org/10.2118/78994-MS Published: November 04 2002 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Get Permissions Search Site Citation Mendoza, P., and M. Floricich. "Fault Interpretation Strategy for 3D model Simulation." Paper presented at the SPE International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium and International Horizontal Well Technology Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, November 2002. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/78994-MS Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentAll ProceedingsSociety of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)SPE International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium Search Advanced Search AbstractAdvances in computing technology have allowed the development ofsophisticated 3D cellular modeling and visualization software, which has founda variety of applications in the oil industry. This technology includes spatialattribute modeling and the visualization of hydrocarbon reservoirs to improvethe understanding of the geological structure including internal features andthe distribution of formation properties.This paper discusses experiences gained in building a geological model forthe LL-03 reservoir (in this reservoir there is a horizontal well drillingstrategy) and the subsequent manipulation and transfering of this data into a3D reservoir simulator for initialization purposes.The paper covers the modeling of fault planes in complex reservoirs, thehandling of both vertical and sloping fault surface and the distribution ofpetrophysical properties (porosity, permeability and water saturation) of thegeological model to be used in the reservoir simulation.The technique presented here differs considerably from the traditionalmethod for fault interpretation. This new method consists in interpreting theplane that describes the fault in the space, using several techniques thatallow defining the structural framework. Advantages for both, geocientists andreservoir engineers in displaying and reviewing the 3D image of the faultplanes and the reservoir at an early stage in the project are discussed.The paper concludes with suggestion for developments of the workflow tocreate the most realistic fault plane according to the structural framework tofurther enhance the effectiveness of the present 3D modeling method.IntroductionThe LL-03 reservoir is located in the Lake Maracaibo (Bolivar Coastal Field)and represents one of the biggest and oldest reservoirs of its northeasternregion. It occupies a lacustrine area of approximately 300 Km2, which includesLa Rosa, Punta Benitez, T a Juana and part of Lagunillas fields (figure1). It was discovered in 1925 by the exploratory well R-2, however thefirst production was reported in 1928. This production was from oil sands of LaRosa and Lagunillas Formations of Miocene age.The LL-03 reservoir has more than two thousand wells that penetrated itsvertical section, of which 1051 wells have been completed and contribute with30% of the total production of the La Rosa Medium segregation of the MaracaiboDistrict. The production average in the year 2000 was 30 MBOPD, 1673 CF/NB and43% of water cut and sediments with an injection rate of 76.3 MBWPD.The reservoir OOIP has been estimated in 6,9 MMbls. The primary and totalrecovery factors are 23.0 % and 24.5% respectively, with a remaining totalreserve of 124,885 MMbls.The seismic survey COL-95B-3D was concluded during the second semester of1996 (figure 2), which allowed for the execution of several detailedstudies to define the structural and stratigraphycal aspects of severalreservoirs of the area.At the moment, a 3D static model is under construction, which will be themain input to a process of numeric simulation and evaluation of future plansfor secondary recovery. Keywords: maracaibo basin, reservoir characterization, floricich pdvsa epm, spe ps-cim choa 78994, miocene, reservoir, ll-03 reservoir, fracture characterization, society of petroleum engineers, visualization Subjects: Reservoir Characterization, Faults and fracture characterization, Seismic processing and interpretation This content is only available via PDF. 2002. SPE/PS-CIM/CHOA International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium and International Horizontal Well Technology Conference You can access this article if you purchase or spend a download.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".