Groundwater quality evaluation for potable and irrigation uses in the semi‐arid region of southern Iran
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Iran is in a serious freshwater shortage crisis because its major part is located in arid and semi‐arid areas. This research evaluated the groundwater quality in terms of potable and irrigation uses in the wet and dry seasons in the Kazeroon plain, southern Iran. In this study, a total of 408 groundwater samples were gathered from 68 boreholes to measure water quality indices, such as acidity (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), bicarbonate (HCO 3 − ), chloride (Cl − ), sulphate (SO 4 2− ), calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), sodium (Na + ) and potassium (K + ). Geographical information system technology was also applied to draw maps of spatial changes of water quality parameters. The results showed that groundwater quality indices had the minimum and maximum values of pH (6.9–8.6), EC (414–9,813 μmho cm −1 ) and TDS (278–6,180), TH (175–3250), HCO 3 − (152–518), Cl − (5–1950), SO 4 2− (17–2371), Ca 2+ (30–681), Mg 2+ (12–607), Na + (1–1303) and K + (0.8–18) (mg L −1 ). Based on World Health Organization standards, the results indicated that all of the aquifer water in the plain except for the northern region was of poor and very poor quality for potable usages. Also, the United States Salinity Laboratory diagram showed that the groundwater quality is doubtful for irrigation. Therefore, the cultivation pattern in this plain should be switched towards salt‐tolerant crops.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it