The GSK-3 Inhibitor CT99021 Enhances the Acquisition of Spatial Learning and the Accuracy of Spatial Memory
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a Ser/Thr protein kinase that regulates many cellular processes, including synaptic plasticity. Previously, we reported that inhibition of GSK-3 prevents the induction of one of the major forms of synaptic plasticity, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-dependent long-term depression (LTD), in hippocampal slices. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of inhibiting GSK-3 on learning and memory in healthy naïve animals. Systemic administration of a highly selective GSK-3 inhibitor, CT99021, reversibly blocked NMDAR-dependent LTD in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in anesthetized adult mice. In behavioral tasks, CT99021 had no effect on locomotor activity, anxiety, hippocampus-dependent contextual fear memory, and hippocampus-dependent reversal learning. However, CT99021 facilitated the rate of learning in the Morris water maze (MWM) and T-maze and enhanced the accuracy of long-term spatial memory in the MWM. These findings suggest that GSK-3 regulates the accuracy of spatial memory acquisition and recall.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".