Effect of Sex on Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Coronary Flow in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Female patients show poorer outcomes after coronary interventions compared to males. This study aims to investigate the role of enhanced inflammatory response in female ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients in poor outcomes post primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). METHODS: This study included 120 STEMI patients who went to PPCI in two tertiary cardiac centers over 6 months. All STEMI patients who are eligible for PPCI are included. We excluded those who had previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with venous grafts, previous PCI with in-stent restenosis (ISR), and those who had signs of infection on admission. These are then divided into two groups according to sex (males and females). Impaired coronary flow (also known as no-reflow) is defined as a coronary TIMI (thrombolysis in myocardial infarction) flow less than 3 after PCI in the absence of mechanical coronary occlusion. RESULTS: The studied groups included 88 males and 32 females. The median age in females was higher than males (62 vs. 57.5 years respectively, P = 0.005). The prevalence of hypertension (34 vs. 21 patients, P = 0.01), non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (22 vs. 16 patients, P = 0.01) and smoking (61 vs. 0 patients, P < 0.001) was higher in male patients. The incidence of impaired coronary flow did not differ significantly between the two groups (10 males and six females, P = 0.363). The median neutrophil to lymphocyte (N/L) ratio showed to be non-significantly higher in females (5 in males vs. 6 in females, P = 0.342). However, the mean N/L ratio was significantly higher in female patients with impaired coronary flow compared to males (9.35 vs. 5.79, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The enhanced inflammatory response in female STEMI patients may be responsible for poorer outcomes after PPCI. Larger-scale studies are required to define immune mechanisms as a potential target to improve outcomes in STEMI patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".