3.8 Gb/s PAM-4 UOWC System Over a 2-m Underwater Channel Enabled by a Single-Pixel 175-μm GaN-Based Mini-LED
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Blue/green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been studied extensively in medium/short-distance underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC), while available commercial bandwidth-limited LEDs cannot support the increased capacity. In this work, a 175-µm blue mini-LED with a high 3 dB modulation bandwidth of 580 MHz was designed and employed to implement a high-speed UOWC system to improve the bandwidth while maintaining high emitting optical power. As a result, we achieve the data rate of 3.8 Gb/s and the rate-distance product of 7.6 Gb/s·m of the PAM-4 signal with the 3.7e-3 bit error rate (BER) over the 2-m underwater channel by using a single-pixel 175-μm GaN-based mini-LED and an avalanche photodiode (APD). To the best of our knowledge, it is the highest rate-distance product among the UOWC systems based on a single-pixel LED and a single APD. In addition, we design multiple sets of comparison experiments to provide a comprehensive investigation regarding channel loss, transmission capacity, and computation complexity between the UOWC system with and without water.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it