Femoral Angle of Inclination of the Femur: Polyethnic/Racial Differences for Orthopaedic Considerations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The angle of inclination (AOI) of the femur varies with age, sex, and ontogenetic growth pattern. The variation exhibited by ethnic/racial populations, however, has been focused only in recent studies. This study examines three polyethnic human populations that include African, European, and an archaeological sample representing pre‐European contact Ipiutak (500 BCE – 500 CE) Inuit populations from the osteological collections at the American Museum of Natural History. A line was drawn from the midpoint of the intercondylar fossa projecting through the middle shaft of the femur to the greater trochanter. A second line was drawn through the middle of the femoral neck. The intersection of the two lines forms the angle of inclination. The diaphyseal length was also measured between the two lowest points on the shaft. Results showed statistically significant differences in AOI and in diaphyseal length between the Inuit and contemporary European populations. There was no significant difference found in these two measures between Inuit and African and between European and African groups except in diaphyseal length in the latter comparison group. Developmentally, the AOI is greatest in newborns and markedly decreases during the aging process reaching between 115–140 degrees in the adult condition. The Inuit sample shows the greatest AOI of the study categorizing this group as coxa valga. This condition, biomechanically, increases total load across the hip and puts undue stress on lower limb joints. As the Inuit population presumably migrated from an Asian origin, future studies should focus on AOI of current Asian populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".