Central Oxidative Stress and Early Vocational Outcomes in First Episode Psychosis: A 7-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study of Glutathione
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: Following the first episode of psychosis, some patients develop poor social and occupational outcomes, while others display a pattern of preserved functioning. Evidence from preclinical, genetic, and biochemical studies suggest a role for high oxidative stress in poor functional outcomes among patients. The measurement of intracortical glutathione (GSH) using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) enables investigating the relationship between central antioxidant tone and functional outcomes at the time of first-episode psychosis (FEP). We hypothesized that patients with higher central antioxidant tone at first presentation will have better functional outcomes in early stages of illness. STUDY DESIGN: We scanned 57 patients with FEP and 30 matched healthy controls and estimated GSH resonance using 7-Tesla MRS. We minimized the confounding effects of illness chronicity, long-term treatment exposure, and metabolic complications by recruiting patients with <2 weeks of lifetime antipsychotic exposure on average and followed up this cohort for the next 1 year to determine functional outcomes. STUDY RESULTS: Patients who achieved employment/education or training status (EET) in the first year, had higher GSH at the baseline than healthy controls. Social and occupational functioning assessment scale (SOFAS) scores were also significantly higher in patients with higher GSH levels at the outset, after adjusting for various confounds including baseline SOFAS. Patients who were not in EET did not differ from healthy subjects in their GSH levels. CONCLUSION: Our observations support a key role for the central antioxidant tone in the functional outcomes of early psychosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".