Cathemeral Behavior of Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) Breeding along Michigan’s Lake Superior Shoreline
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Shorebirds commonly exhibit cathemeral activity and commonly forage throughout a 24 h period. Conservation of endangered shorebirds should then extend to protection at night, yet little data exists on overall time budgets of such species at night. The Great Lakes population of piping plovers (Charadrius melodus) is the smallest and most endangered, making each breeding pair an essential part of recovery. Intense monitoring of breeding individuals occurs during the daytime, yet we have little understanding of the time budgets of plovers at night. To gain better insight into the cathemeral behavior of plovers we recorded behaviors of 12 plovers from along Michigan’s Lake Superior shoreline during both day and night in 2018 with the use of a night-vision-capable camera, and compared time budgets of plovers between daytime and nighttime. Overall, piping plovers spent more time and a greater proportion of their time foraging at night and more time devoted to being alert during the day. These differences were especially evident during the chick rearing phase. Limited observations suggest that copulatory activity may also be more common at night. Likely, the threat of avian predation on this population drives the increase in nighttime foraging, despite decreased efficiency. Recognizing the importance of decreasing potential for disturbance during the night should be considered in future management strategies regarding the recovery of this endangered species.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".