Bibliographic record
Abstract
FigureFigureSometimes those of us living and working in the United States think of the physician assistant/associate (PA) profession as a purely American invention; however, the truth is that outside the United States, a vibrant PA profession has existed for some time and is continuing to spread across the world. As recently as 2018, nations besides the United States that had formally introduced the PA concept include Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Germany, Ghana, India, Ireland, Israel, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Scotland, South Africa, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom.1 And as the profession has grown and expanded internationally, scholars are documenting those experiences. Many of the resulting articles are published in journals that may be difficult for many of us to access, and as a result we are not even aware they were published, denying us the opportunity to learn about the PA experience outside of the United States. So that JAAPA readers can more easily access articles that describe the international PA experience, we have created a new department, Global Insights. This new department will be dedicated to publishing articles of interest to JAAPA readers that describe the PA profession beyond the United States. One never knows where the roots of our profession might take hold or already run deep. The PA profession strives to address how the 7.5 billion people in the world are being and will be cared for globally. The new Global Insights department will illustrate the PA movement beyond the United States and archive its history. The PA profession in the United States, created by physicians, is both predated and postdated by PAs and their analogues around the world. The PA and PA analogue movement is well under way globally, and our new department will provide history, context, original research, status updates, and other interesting aspects of the PA profession from countries and regions worldwide. This month's launch of this new department starts the process of providing a repository of articles from countries with a PA profession, articles that describe a country's history, its PA educational programs, deployment of graduates and their practice settings, as well as their national PA prescience and thoughts on the future. Additionally, these articles will add to the current and future body of knowledge about the global profession, and more importantly, the information published will leave an indexed publication archive, making it useful to policy makers and other interested parties. This issue features our first Global Insights article, “Physician associates in the UK: Development, status, and future” by Kate Straughton, MSc, PA-R, and colleagues, all of whom serve as PA faculty in the United Kingdom. The authors describe the history of the PA profession in the United Kingdom, including its roots, development, development of regulations, title protection, development of educational programs, and the profession's growth. The article describes the profession's birth in 1980, when a PA student from the United States was placed in a general practice setting, leading to the establishment of demonstration projects using PAs from the United States. The profession matured as these demonstration projects led to government support for the development of PAs and establishment of an educational system in the United Kingdom to address healthcare workforce shortages. The authors document in detail the trials and tribulations of establishing a new profession within the confines of a nationalized healthcare system with strong historical physician and nursing roles. The profession's successes and challenges in the United Kingdom will sound familiar to those knowledgeable about the history of the PA profession in the United States. We look forward to providing JAAPA readers with articles that will remind them of the long and interesting worldwide history of the PA profession and its vibrant global growth. We also look forward to the opportunity to illustrate for readers that nations where the profession is being considered or is established have supported the PA profession for a wide variety of reasons specific to each country, but most commonly to provide healthcare to more of their citizens. Lastly, we look forward to working with authors from around the world who will share with us their perspective of the profession we have in common. We hope you enjoy Global Insights.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".