Stress crack resistance of unaged high-density polyethylene geomembrane fusion seams
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The stress crack resistance (SCR) of high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane (GMB) fusion seams is examined for two 1.5 mm HDPE GMBs and a range of welding parameters. Results are reported for both unnotched and notched seams as well as their corresponding sheet material. Unnotched seam SCR specimens are shown to preferentially initiate craze formation at the terminating edge of the squeeze-out bead, while incorporating potentially degraded areas, such as the seams heat-affected zone (HAZ), within the slow crack growth region of the specimen. In the short-term, little variation was observed between the majority of seams for the nine welding parameter combinations examined, with an average normalized seam SCR value (normalized with respect to the unnotched sheet SCR) of 0.3 ± 0.1, or about 30% of the SCR of the unnotched sheet. It is shown that squeeze-out geometry plays an important role in the SCR of fusion seams. Seams with weld track rippling, a known qualitative indication of overheating, were found to have average unnotched SCR values 45% lower than smooth weld track seams. Deleterious squeeze-out geometries are identified to provide a framework through which CQA engineers and researchers can more readily identify ‘higher risk’ seams with respect to stress cracking.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".