TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes: Morphology, Size, Crystallinity, and Phase-Dependent Properties from Synchrotron-Spectroscopy Studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work presents a study of two series (anodization-time-dependent and anodization-voltage-dependent) of TiO 2 nanotubes (NTs) prepared via control anodization and annealing methods. The desired phases of amorphous, anatase, mixed-phase (anatase and rutile), and rutile have been obtained, and their size-dependent phase transition behavior is investigated using synchrotron-based X-ray techniques. The local symmetry and electronic properties and the origin of luminescence from the TiO 2 NTs are tracked by X-ray absorption near-edge structures (XANES) and X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) techniques, respectively. It is found that the anatase-to-rutile (A-R) transition at a given annealing temperature highly depends on the size of NTs. That is, the longer the NTs, the slower the A-R phase transformation that would take place, while shorter NTs have a lower anatase fraction in the mixed-phase structure at the same annealing temperature. In addition, surface nucleation dominates the A-R phase transition in the temperature range of 700–800 °C. The power of XANES and XEOL in phase recognition is illustrated.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".