TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes: Morphology, Size, Crystallinity, and Phase-Dependent Properties from Synchrotron-Spectroscopy Studies
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work presents a study of two series (anodization-time-dependent and anodization-voltage-dependent) of TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) prepared via control anodization and annealing methods. The desired phases of amorphous, anatase, mixed-phase (anatase and rutile), and rutile have been obtained, and their size-dependent phase transition behavior is investigated using synchrotron-based X-ray techniques. The local symmetry and electronic properties and the origin of luminescence from the TiO2 NTs are tracked by X-ray absorption near-edge structures (XANES) and X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) techniques, respectively. It is found that the anatase-to-rutile (A-R) transition at a given annealing temperature highly depends on the size of NTs. That is, the longer the NTs, the slower the A-R phase transformation that would take place, while shorter NTs have a lower anatase fraction in the mixed-phase structure at the same annealing temperature. In addition, surface nucleation dominates the A-R phase transition in the temperature range of 700–800 °C. The power of XANES and XEOL in phase recognition is illustrated.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it