Prospect for Incorporation of Ppd-D1a Allele in Russian Spring Bread Wheat Cultivars
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Varieties of spring bread wheat with the Ppd-D1a allele are insensitive to the photoperiod and are widespread in the world. The overwhelming majority of spring bread wheat cultivars in Russia are sensitive to the length of daylight. Incorporation of the Ppd-D1a allele in Russian cultivars of spring soft wheat will make it possible to accelerate breeding, using one to two additional vegetations per year. The aims of this paper are to (1) consider a trend of distribution of the Ppd-D1a allele among spring bread wheat of the Northern Hemisphere, (2) reveal an influence of the Ppd-D1a allele on agronomic traits of spring bread wheat, and (3) designate the main ways of breeding work for creation of Russian spring bread wheat with insensitivity to the photoperiod. The frequency of the Ppd-D1a allele increases from countries at high latitude to those at low latitude. The influence of the Ppd-D1a allele on agronomic traits depends on the geographic latitude where the experiment takes place and leads to a reduction of the period from seedling to heading, plant height, spikelets per spike, and protein content and to an increase in duration of green leaves after heading. The Ppd-D1a allele has a negative effect on wheat yield north of 50° N. The high frequency of the Ppd-D1a allele in Canadian spring bread wheat varieties indicates that this allele can become widespread in some regions of Russia. The negative effects caused by this allele can be compensated by reasonable selection of parents for hybridization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".