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Record W4210998665 · doi:10.1002/0471238961.koe00054

Emulsion Polymerization

2020· other· en· W4210998665 on OpenAlex
Donald C. Sundberg, Cunningham Michael

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueKirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology · 2020
Typeother
Languageen
FieldChemistry
TopicAdvanced Polymer Synthesis and Characterization
Canadian institutionsQueen's University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsMiniemulsionPolymerizationEmulsion polymerizationEmulsionMaterials sciencePolymerChemical engineeringMonomerPolymer chemistryParticle (ecology)NanoparticleCationic polymerizationNanotechnologyComposite material

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Abstract Emulsion polymerization has been practiced for nearly a century, but its basic mechanisms were not understood until much later. The product of this polymerization method is called a latex and its vast array of properties continues to be developed by utilizing the nanoparticle characteristics of such aqueous dispersions (∼10 18 particles/L). Due to the compartmentalization of the active, free radicals within separate particles, one can achieve high reaction rates and high polymer molecular weights at the same time—a unique feature of emulsion polymerization. At the same time, the resulting latex has low viscosity and high heat capacity, even at 50% polymer content, because water is the dispersing agent. Over the years, latex technology has evolved to include composite polymer nanoparticles with two or more phase‐separated regions within them. Further extensions continue to be made that result in hybrid latex particles in which one component is not created via standard emulsion polymerization processes (eg, metal oxides, alkyd resin, and polyurethane), but a second component is created in that manner. Other new processing techniques have also been developed to avoid some of the mechanistic restrictions of standard emulsion polymerization (particle nucleation via micellar initiation, poor water solubility of some vinyl monomers) leading to “miniemulsion polymerization” systems. Further extensions have resulted in “microemulsion polymerizations” in which the final, dispersed particle sizes are smaller than the wavelength of visible light.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Research integrity, Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Other · Consensus signal: Other
Teacher disagreement score0.432
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0020.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0070.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.005
GPT teacher head0.215
Teacher spread0.210 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it