Numerical study on the mechanisms of storm geysers in a vertical riser-chamber system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In urban stormwater systems, a rapid increase in water inflow can cause the entrapment of air pockets and subsequent ejection of air/water mixture, commonly known as storm geysers. In this study, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model was built based on a lab model, which consisted of an upstream pipe and a downstream pipe with different invert elevation (i.e. a drop), connected by a chamber with a riser on the top. The effects of the downstream pipe characteristics, location of the entrapped air pocket, and its volume on the pressure variation were examined. With the downstream pipe flowing in full, two mechanisms that possibly trigger geyser events were simulated and experimentally validated: (1) a rapid inflow front in the upstream pipe with the flow changing from free surface flow to pressurized flow, and (2) the air pocket releasing in a pressurized system. For the first mechanism, the pressure surge in the chamber was related to the capacity of the downstream pipe for the increased flow rate. For the second mechanism, a smaller air pocket in the upstream pipe can generate a higher pressure during the geyser event due to the reduced damping effect on the pressure variation. A larger pressure drop was observed for a larger volume of released air. Lower peak pressure was generated for an air pocket closer to the chamber due to the shorter duration for pressure to build up before the air pocket reached the chamber.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".