Bibliographic record
Abstract
The incidence of Mycobacterium kansasii varies widely over time and by region, but this organism remains one of the most clinically relevant isolated species of nontuberculous mycobacteria. In contrast to other common nontuberculous mycobacteria, M. kansasii is infrequently isolated from natural water sources or soil. The major reservoir appears to be tap water. Infection is likely acquired through the aerosol route, with low infectivity in regions of endemicity. Human-to-human transmission is thought not to occur. Clinical syndromes and radiological findings of M. kansasii infection are mostly indistinguishable from that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, thus requiring microbiological confirmation. Disseminated disease is uncommon in HIV-negative patients and usually associated with severe immunosuppression. The majority of patients with M. kansasii pulmonary disease have underlying pulmonary comorbidities, such as smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, and prior or concurrent M. tuberculosis infection. Surveys in Great Britain, however, noted higher rates, with 8 to 9% of M. kansasii infections presenting with extrapulmonary disease. Common sites of extrapulmonary disease include the lymph nodes, skin, and musculoskeletal and genitourinary systems. The specificity of gamma interferon release assays (IGRAs) for M. tuberculosis may be reduced by M. kansasii infection, as M. kansasii encodes CFP-10 and ESAT-6, two antigens targeted by IGRAs. A study conducted to evaluate the therapy in rifampin-resistant disease found that patients with acquired rifampin resistance were treated with daily high-dose ethambutol, isoniazid, sulfamethoxazole, and pyridoxine combined with aminoglycoside therapy. Given the potential toxicities, particularly with aminoglycoside therapy, clarithromycin and/or moxifloxacin therapy could be considered as alternatives.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.024 | 0.015 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".