Hypertension Coincident with Type 2 Diabetes Worsen Cognitive Function and Arterial Stiffness
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of concomitant of hypertension (HT) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) mellitus have increased. However, the additional contribution of high blood pressure to T2DM on cognitive and vascular functions has not been published. Objective: To compare the vascular functions and cognitive function among hypertensive with type 2 diabetic patients, hypertensive patients, and age-match healthy participants. Materials and Methods: Twenty-three hypertensive-diabetic, 25 HT, and 23 sedentary individuals were included in this study. Using the crosssectional design, the vascular functions were assessed with pulse wave velocity (PWV) and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) among the three groups. Global cognitive function tests were performed using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA). Results: The hypertensive-diabetic group had higher brachial systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p<0.05), mean arterial pressure (MAP) (p<0.05), and pulse pressure (PP) (p<0.05) than the sedentary group. In addition, the hypertensive-diabetic patients had significantly higher PWV and worse cognitive performance than hypertensive and healthy participants (p<0.05) but did not significantly differ in FMD. Arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose were associated with level of cognitive performance (p<0.05). Conclusion: Arterial stiffness and blood pressure are a determinant of cognitive functions in hypertensive diabetic subjects but not in individuals with hypertension without diabetes. These results suggested the additional effects of hyperglycemia on high blood pressure might worsen the cognitive functions through higher level of arterial stiffness and blood pressure. Keywords: Cognitive function; Arterial stiffness; Type 2 diabetes; Hypertension
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".