Bibliographic record
Abstract
Finnish-Americans describe their life in America Letters before 1914. This research, a qualitative analysis of letter, deals with Finnish emigration to North America and Canada from a socio-historical point of view in the early years of overseas emigration during 1865-1914. The aim of the research is to give German readers an overall view of Finnish emigration to America. It also examines the opinions and attitudes of the first emigrant generation on the basis of their own letters home. The research material is mainly based on two file collections that consist of letters from America sent to the areas of South-Ostrobothnia and Satakunta. About 60 % of all Finns that migrated to America before 1914 came from this area. A sample of 478 letters of the one-way correspondence is studied. The destination municipalities of these letters were often the emigrants' domiciles in Finland. There were letters from 100 male and 43 female emigrants from 22 different states in the U.S. and from four Canadian provinces. The research is divided into two parts ie. emigration from Finland and immigration to The United States and Canada. The study of the characteristics of the research area is emphasized in the first part with the help of framing questions such as the size and social distribution of the emigrant group in comparison with the whole population, background factors of emigration, motives for leaving, and economic fluctuations in connection with the emigration flow. The second part, i.e., the actual letter analysis, deals with the themes that are also emphasized in the letters by the writers such as experiences of crossing the Atlantic by steamship, problems in finding work, working conditions, unemployment, moving, contacting other emigrants in other areas, home-sickness, and attitudes towards permanent return. Mentally the Finnish emigrants lived in three realities: in the community of the home village left behind, in the immigrant world, and in the international, local community of the receiving country. In the letters the emigrants describe the reality honestly, but avoid the topics that might cause criticism among the hosts. Generally, the tone of the letters is rather neutral and to the point, however the failures are not discussed. For this reason, America letters alone are not sufficient as research material for reconstructing a social history of Finnish emigrants, although they were important for the process of recruiting further emigrants from Finland.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.013 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".