Genomewide Identification and Expression Analyses of <i>PAL</i> Genes in Different Color Radish
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is the first step key enzyme of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway which played an essential role in plant anthocyanin accumulation. Five PAL family gene members were identified in the radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) genome name RsPAL1~5. Specific primers were designed to amplify the open reading frame in red radish ‘Hongxin No.1’ and then sequenced. Real-time PCR was used to analysis the expression pattern of 5 RsPALs in four different tissues including leaf, petiole, taproot flesh and skin form five different color type radishes, including red skin and red flesh ‘Shaguan’ and ‘Hongxin No.1’, red skin and white flesh ‘Shaguan No.1’ and ‘Mantanghong’, white skin and white flesh ‘Chunbulao’. The results showed that the length of open read frame of RsPAL1~5 were 2 160, 2 166, 2 163, 2 124 and 2 109 bp encoding for 719, 721, 720, 707 and 702 amino acid residues respectively. Sequence alignment analysis showed that MIO motif (Ala-Gly-Ser) was conserved among the five RsPALs proteins. RsPAL1~4 were clustered with Arabidopsis AtPAL1 and AtPAL2, RsPAL5 was clustered with AtPAL4 in the phylogenetic tree. Real-time PCR results suggested that RsPAL4 was expressed only in the tissue accumulate anthocyanin, and the expression of RsPAL4 was significantly correlated with anthocyanin content. These results indicating that RsPAL4 may specifically involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in radish. However, no obvious expression pattern of other RsPALs members was found in this study, suggesting that they may participate in other secondary metabolites biosynthesis of phenylpropane metabolism pathway. This study would provide scientific basis for further study on the function of radish PAL .
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it