Executive functions and memory in Parkinson's disease patients with Deep Brain Stimulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several studies have investigated the cognitive effects of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, studies on the influence of individual variables on cognitive performance in DBS are scarce. This study aimed to identify the association between demographic characteristics (age, schooling, and activities of daily living), executive functions, and memory performance in a group of PD patients with and without DBS. 76 participants were subdivided into three groups: 30 healthy people (control group), 30 diagnosed with PD treated only with drugs (drug group), and 16 with PD treated with DBS (DBS group). Executive functions and memory were assessed using the following instruments: Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Trail Making Test A and B, Digits Span, and Stroop Test. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and exploratory linear regression were used for data analysis. ANOVA showed significant differences between the control, drug, and DBS groups. However, the exploratory regression analysis identified a significant association of the variables including age, schooling, and activity of daily living with the performance of executive functions and memory only in the DBS group. The results showed that the performance of memory and executive functions was associated with demographic characteristics only in patients treated with DBS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".