A Data-Driven Approach for Electric Bus Energy Consumption Estimation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Along with the battery technology advancements and government policy support, the penetration level of electric buses (EBs) in the urban public transportation system has been increasing in recent years. Considering the potential influence of the increasing EB charging demand on power systems, estimating the real-time energy consumption of EBs has become a principal issue. In this work, a data-driven approach for EB energy consumption estimation is proposed. In particular, a detailed physical model of EB is constructed to model its energy consumption considering the randomness in EB operation, including speed, acceleration, and passenger count. In order to improve the estimation accuracy, the conventional Kalman filter (KF) is modified involving EB mass estimation considering stochastic real-time passenger count, motion data dimension deduction based on EB operation route. To estimate the EB acceleration accurately and reduce the noise caused by the unimportant features, we extended the feature discarding algorithm of decision trees to the regression trees. In the case study, an Android application is developed to collect the EB motion data so that any general Android smartphone can be used for data collection. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated based on real-world EB operation data collected from St. Albert Transit, AB, Canada. According to the results, our APP can track the real-time EB trace, and the proposed modified KF can filter most of the noises caused by the GPS data collection process and stochastic passenger count. Also, with the extended random forest algorithm, the unimportant features can be discarded and the real-time EB acceleration is estimated efficiently with a small sum of square error (SSE). Compared with the existing approaches, the proposed approach achieves a more accurate real-time energy consumption estimation of EBs, which in turn, provides a better characterization of power system loading and voltage variation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".