Long-term harmonized ozone profiles in the middle atmosphere over Switzerland 
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two decades ago, concentration of ozone-depleting substances in the middle atmosphere started a slow decline as a result of the Montreal Protocol. Since then, stratospheric ozone recovery is expected and has already been observed over some parts of the world, e.g. the Antarctic. Over the mid-latitudes however, the situation is less obvious, and ozone recovery seems to differ depending on the altitude and the geographical area of interest. In view of these uncertainties, there is still a strong need for high-quality and long-term ozone observations and their validation. Switzerland has a number of stations monitoring ozone using different techniques. In particular, it is the only place in the world with two collocated ground-based ozone microwave radiometers. Located less than 50 km apart, they provide continuous hourly ozone profiles in the middle-atmosphere (~20 to 75 km) since more than 20 years with very few interruptions. Both instrument are part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and are regularly used for ozone trend studies or cross validation of satellite observations over Central Europe. Despite the many studies conducted with these instruments, some anomalous periods and discrepancies in trends were recently identified in their time series. To address these problems, a full harmonization and reprocessing of the data was performed with the aim of obtaining two improved and independent time series. This harmonization affects the calibration of the radiometric measurements, flagging procedures and the retrievals of atmospheric profiles and has now been completed for the last decade. In this contribution, we present and compare the new harmonized ozone time series for both instruments and highlight the improvements in the ozone retrievals compared to the old data processing. We also perform a comparison of these new data series against measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounder and the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer over Switzerland. As an additional validation, we show some first results of diurnal cycles derived from the new harmonized data series and compare it with model-based diurnal ozone climatology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".