Low Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Dioxide at High Pressure: Implications for Icy Planetary Interiors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Carbon dioxide is commonly found in terrestrial planets and its thermal property is relevant to the dynamics and evolution of those terrestrial planets. In this work, we combine time‐domain thermoreflectance measurements and first‐principles calculations to determine the thermal conductivity of CO 2 up to 70 GPa at room temperature. Our results show that the thermal conductivity of liquid CO 2 is ∼0.22 W m −1 K −1 at 0.3–0.5 GPa and increases to ∼0.28 W m −1 K −1 when the liquid CO 2 transforms into molecular solid phase I (dry ice). Upon further compression, the mean value of thermal conductivity of phase I increases to 1.4–2.1 W m −1 K −1 at ∼10 GPa and then slightly drops across the phase I‐III boundary. Phase III exhibits a gentle increase of thermal conductivity with pressure and reaches to a maximum value of ∼4 W m −1 K −1 at ∼45 GPa, but shows an abrupt drop when transforming into a non‐molecular amorphous solid. The pressure evolution of CO 2 thermal conductivity across different phases may have significant implications for the heat flow and temperature distribution in the interiors of planets and moons containing CO 2 .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".