Interannual Variability in Methane and Nitrous Oxide Concentrations and Sea‐Air Fluxes Across the North American Arctic Ocean (2015–2019)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Between 2015 and 2018, we collected approximately 2,000 water column measurements of methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) concentrations in the North American Arctic Ocean during summer and early fall. We also obtained 25 measurements of CH 4 and N 2 O concentrations in rivers along the Northwest Passage and Ellesmere Island in midsummer 2017–2019. Our results show that N 2 O is generated in the highly productive Bering and Chukchi Seas and transported northeastward, producing a persistent subsurface N 2 O peak in the Beaufort Sea. The Chukchi and Beaufort Sea sediments are a significant source of CH 4 to the water column. These sedimentary sources and associated water column consumption display significant spatial gradients and interannual variability. CH 4 isotope data demonstrate the importance of CH 4 oxidation across the study region. We find that rivers are not a significant source of CH 4 or N 2 O to the Arctic Ocean at the time of year sampled. The estimated annual sea‐air flux across the study region (2.3 million km 2 ) had a median (first quartile, third quartile) of 0.009 (0.002, 0.023) Tg CH 4 y −1 and −0.003 (−0.013, 0.010) Tg N y −1 . These results suggest that the North American Arctic Ocean currently plays a negligible role in global CH 4 and N 2 O budgets. Our expansive data set, with observations at many repeat stations, provides a synopsis of present‐day Arctic CH 4 and N 2 O distributions and their range of variability, as well as a benchmark against which future climate‐dependent changes can be evaluated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".