Evaluation of Biochemical Markers of Cardiac Risk in Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) -Treated HIV-Infected Adults in Rwanda
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background: Similar to other African countries, life expectancy of people living with HIV infection has improved due to access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Rwanda. However, both HIV infection and use of ART are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks, due to adverse changes in some biochemical markers, causing dyslipidemia and other metabolic imbalances. Biomarkers for CVD risk in HIV-infected individuals taking ART, has not been well characterized in Rwanda. We evaluated the association between the use and duration of ART and biomarkers of CVD risk among HIV infected adults in Rwanda. Methods: A total of 150 participants (18-45 years) from HIV clinics in public Health Center in Kigali included n=30 HIV-uninfected (HIV-) and n=120 HIV-infected (HIV+) adults. Among the HIV+ adults, n=40 participants were ART-naïve. Cross-sectional data were collected on health-related behaviors and biochemical markers of CVD risk. We compared CVD-related biochemical markers between HIV-, HIV+ ART-naïve and HIV+ on ART groups. Results: The majority of participants were women (60%) and HIV- were younger (35±6 vs. 31±6 years). Total cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations were associated with ART usage. Serum triglycerides concentrations were lower in HIV+ ART-naïve compared to HIV+ on ART (76.6±38.9 mg/dl vs. 85.0±38.3 mg/dl; p< 0.01). While total cholesterol concentrations was higher in HIV+ on ART than HIV+ ART-naïve (136.0±45.1 mg/dl vs. 130.0±36.5 mg/dl; p<0.04), HDL-C was higher in those taking ART (68.7±30.0 mg/dl vs. 55.0±25.7 mg/dl; p=0.02) among HIV+ on ART for 0-6 months and 7-12 months respectively. Conclusion: Higher serum total cholesterol and triglycerides were associated with use of ART in young adults with HIV. Although these values were within the upper limits of normal, our findings suggest early alterations in biomarkers of cardiac risk. These findings underscore the need for early evaluation of lipid profiles as biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk, to effectively monitor how ART may contribute to cardiovascular disease and deter treatment programs in African countries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".