England’s Northern Frontier: Conflict and Local Society in the Fifteenth-Century Scottish Marches, by Jackson W. Armstrong
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this important and elegantly written book, Jackson Armstrong urges English historians to look with new eyes on the northern marches of the kingdom in the late Middle Ages. The border region, consisting of the three counties of Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland, has long been considered a region distinct from the rest of the kingdom: isolated, lawless, highly (and enduringly) militarised, economically backward and, above all, a land of kin-based feuding where great lords were little inclined to abide by the common-law principles that regulated disputes and their settlement elsewhere in England. These conditions have earned the fifteenth-century northerners a reputation among late medieval historians as all but ungovernable. This book aims to disrupt this image by evaluating the ‘problem’ of border society within broader legal, political and social contexts, and more specifically from a study of the ways in which northerners resolved disputes among themselves, and with the people...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".