Colonization rather than fragmentation explains the geographical distribution and diversification of treefrogs endemic to Brazilian shield sky islands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Aim Geographical patterns of montane biodiversity worldwide are related to biotic and abiotic factors, such as historical climate dynamics and species dispersal capabilities, which affect the biota from population to community levels. Understanding of processes related to population diversification in extra‐Andean Neotropical mountains remains largely unknown. Here, we tested how colonization of new areas as opposed to fragmentation of geographical ranges influenced the distribution and diversification of frogs from Brazilian mountains. Location Espinhaço Range, the largest extra‐Andean mountain range in South America. Taxon Ledge treefrog Bokermannohyla saxicola . Methods We used multilocus DNA and morphometric data throughout the species' distribution to delimit lineages, infer phylogenetic relationships and estimate divergence times. We used ecological niche modelling ( ENM ) and approximate Bayesian computation ( ABC ) to reconstruct changes of geographical distribution and population sizes for testing alternative hypotheses of diversification concerning fragmentation and colonization. Results We found four evolutionary significant lineages that diverged from the Pliocene to the Early Pleistocene. All lineages were validated by DNA and morphometric data by independent and joint analyses. ENM showed that climatic fluctuations might have influenced the species' distribution, whereas ABC model selection further supports associated demographic changes. Taken together, a Pleistocene jump‐dispersal scenario best explains the diversification of the Bokermannohyla saxicola lineages. Main conclusions Endemism in the Espinhaço Range is usually explained by ancient diversification, associated with long‐term isolation of climatic stable areas following climate‐driven habitat fragmentation. Our results challenge this general view, indicating recent diversification, habitat expansion and colonization of new areas as important processes explaining the current distribution and genetic diversity of B. saxicola .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".