Effects of caffeinated energy drinks on cardiovascular responses during exercise in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The impact of caffeinated energy drinks (CEDs) on the cardiovascular (CV) response to exercise has not been well described. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on the acute effects of CEDs on CV responses during dynamic, aerobic exercise in 296 healthy adult males (224) and females (72) in 21 randomized controlled trials. During exercise, there was an increase in heart rate (HR) (mean difference (MD), 2.86 bpm, 95% CI, 2.39–3.34 bpm, I 2 = 0%, p < 0.00001), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (MD, 9.02 mm Hg, 95% CI, 4.25–13.79 mm Hg, I 2 = 0%, p = 0.0002) with consumption of CEDs, compared with controls, but diastolic blood pressure was similar. Insufficient data were available to evaluate rate pressure product (HR × SBP) and exercise-induced arrhythmia. Though changes to HR during exercise were modest, the significant increase in exercise SBP highlights the importance of directly assessing CV effects of CEDs with exercise, especially in individuals prone to hypertension. Novelty: Exercise SBP in healthy adults is significantly increased during exercise with the consumption of CEDs compared with controls, despite limited data. The direct assessment of CV effects of CEDs with exercise highlights the particular relevance to individuals prone to hypertension.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.077 | 0.010 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".