Hydrology and thermal regime of an ice‐contact proglacial lake: Implications for stream temperature and lake evaporation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The formation of lakes as glaciers retreat can potentially influence stream temperature and enhance catchment water losses via evaporation. This study quantified the summer water and energy budgets and thermal regime of an ice‐contact proglacial lake below Bridge Glacier, British Columbia, to link ongoing glacier retreat with downstream effects. The ice‐proximal and distal portions of the lake behave differently due to a mid‐lake recessional moraine, against which icebergs are pinned by the dominant katabatic wind. Iceberg cover of the ice‐proximal basin ranged from 16% to 75%. Temperature profiles in the ice‐proximal basin were dominantly near‐isothermal at 1 to 1.4°C, with the exception of diurnal warming of the top 1 m of water and the presence of a colder layer near the lake bed at some sites, presumably caused by subglacial discharge of turbid water. Subaqueous iceberg melt limited warming by consuming heat from the water column. The distal basin exhibited varying degrees of thermal stratification, with turbidity inferred to have a greater influence on water density than temperature. Most of the warming between lake inflow and outflow occurred in the distal basin, where net radiation was the dominant surface energy input and net lateral advection the dominant energy sink. As a result of the suppressed water temperature, humidity gradients over the lake favoured condensation, not evaporation. Estimates of iceberg melt volume for 2013 exceeded glacier discharge into the lake. Therefore, when the glacier eventually becomes land‐terminating, icebergs are expected to disappear within a year, resulting in higher water temperatures both in the lake and downstream. Higher lake temperatures could also cause an eventual shift from condensation to evaporation, which would tend to reduce catchment water yield over and above reductions associated with loss of glacier area.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".