Relationship between Plasma Level of Beta-amyloid, Alpha-synuclein, and Tau Protein with Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Most people with Parkinson’s disease will develop dementia along with their illness development. There are several overlapping brain pathological features in patients with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. These features are related with beta-amyloid findings, alpha-synuclein and tau protein. Aim: This study was designed to determine the relationship between beta-amyloid, alpha-synuclein and tau protein plasma level with cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Materials and Methods: This was an observational with case-control design study. Total of 62 patients with Parkinson’s disease and 20 healthy controls were included in this study. Parkinson’s disease group was divided into 2 subgroups, patient with and without cognitive impairment based on Montreal Cognitive Assessment Indonesian version (MoCA-Ina) score. The plasma levels of beta-amyloid, alpha-synuclein, and tau protein were measured by using enzyme-linked immunoassay technique. Student’s t-test was used to analyze normally distributed data of plasma level differences between groups (Parkinson’s disease group; control group) and subgroups (Parkinson disease with and without cognitive impairment). If the data was not normally distributed, we used Mann-Whitney test. The level of significancy was <0.05 (p value <0.05). Results: The result demonstrated significant differences in beta-amyloid, alpha-synuclein, and tau protein plasma level between Parkinson’s disease and control group (p<0.05). We also found significant differences of beta-amyloid plasma level between Parkinson’s with and without cognitive impairment subgroups (p<0.05), but none in other parameters (p>0.05). Conclusion: Low plasma levels of beta-amyloid 42 (Aβ42) are associated with cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".