Explanation of the velocity of the stars in the galaxies in the dynamic medium of reference (DMR) theory
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The theory of the dynamic medium of reference (DMR) has already been presented in several articles, in particular: “Dynamic medium of reference: A new theory of gravitation” [O. Pignard, Phys. Essays 32, 422 (2019)]. The article “Theory of the dynamic medium of reference: Exterior case and interior case” [O. Pignard, Phys. Essays 34, 280 (2021)] gives an explanation and mathematical developments of the gravitational acceleration from atomic nuclei of a massive body. The objective of this article is to explain the velocity of the stars in galaxies within the framework of the DMR theory. The DMR theory proposes to modify the law of gravitation at long distance. The demonstration allowing to obtain the gravitational acceleration makes it possible to establish that: the gravitational acceleration generated by a massive body of mass M one of whose dimensions is much smaller than the other two becomes γ G = ( G / R L ) ( M / r ) for distances greater than a certain limit distance RL from the massive body, and the gravitational acceleration generated by a massive body of mass M of spherical shape (a star, for example) becomes γ G = ( G M / R L 2 ) for distances greater than a certain limit distance RL from the massive body. The first law of gravitation at long-distance γ G = ( G / R L ) ( M / r ) makes it possible to explain a constant star rotation curve from a certain distance from the center of the galaxy. Among 126 galaxies analyzed, this corresponds to the profile of 76 galaxies. For this, it is assumed the existence of dark matter located in the center of the galaxy in the form of a flat disk of thickness much less than its diameter. For rotating stars in this type of galaxy, this causes that beyond the distance RL from the center of the galaxy, the velocity of the stars becomes constant and equals to V = G M / R L . The dark matter required by the DMR theory has a mass that is only about 30% that of ordinary matter in a galaxy (stars and interstellar gas) instead of the immense quantities required by current theories. The second law of gravitation at long-distance γ G = G M / R L 2 makes it possible to explain an increasing star rotation curve. Among 126 galaxies analyzed, this corresponds to the profile of 50 galaxies. For this type of galaxy, it is not necessary to assume the existence of dark matter, and all the stars contained in the galaxy are sufficient to explain the star rotation curve. For this type of galaxy, the velocity of the stars increases approximately in proportion to r . Finally, the modifications of the law of gravitation proposed by the DMR theory would also explain the observed values of the deflection of light rays by galaxies (Einstein lenses and rings), which the modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) theory cannot do.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".