Observation-based estimates of Eulerian-mean boundary downwelling in the western subpolar North Atlantic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A significant fraction of the Eulerian downwelling feeding the lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) has been proposed to occur around the subpolar North Atlantic's continental slopes. While this downwelling ultimately takes place in a thin boundary layer where relative vorticity can be dissipated via friction, it is maintained by a large-scale geostrophic balance and an along-shore densification of the boundary current. We here use modern hydrography data (Argo and shipboard hydrography mainly) to map the long-term mean density field along the continental slope via an optimal interpolation method specifically adapted to the length scales of the boundary current. The overall downstream densification of the boundary region implies a Eulerian-mean downwelling of 2.12 ± 0.43 Sv at 1100 m depth between Denmark Strait and Flemish Cap. While seasonal variations appear to be relatively limited, a clear regional pattern emerges with Eulerian-mean downwelling in the Irminger Sea and western Labrador Sea and upwelling along Greenland western continental slope. Comparisons with independent cross-basin estimates confirm that overturning transport across the marginal seas of the subpolar North Atlantic is mainly explained by vertical volume fluxes along the continental slopes, and suggest the usefulness of hydrographic data alone to estimate the regional pattern of the sinking branch of the AMOC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".