Experimental and numerical investigation into the non-explosive excavation of tunnels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of explosives is restricted on some important holidays, and the handling of unexploded charge is very dangerous. Therefore, an innovative non-explosive technology called instantaneous expansion (IE) was developed for tunneling. IE, whose components are derived from solid wastes such as coal gangue and straw conduces to realizing the reuse of waste. Moreover, its cost is lower than explosives. Blind guns of IE are easy to treat with water. The IE tunneling method is classified into two categories, i.e. IE with a single fracture (IESF) and IE with multiple fractures (IEMF), which are used to form the tunnel cross-section directionally cross-section and to fragment the rocks inside the cross-section, respectively. In this study, the principle of IE tunneling was elaborated first. Then, tunneling experiments and numerical simulations were performed on IE, conventional blasting (CB) and shaped charge blasting (SCB) in comparison. The experimental and numerical results show that IE achieved the best performance of directional rock breaking and corresponded to the most minor excavation-induced damage zone of the surrounding rock. Besides, the tunnel cross-section created by IE was flat and smooth. Comparing IE with CB and SCB, the over/under-excavation area decreased by 64% and 17%, and the excavation-induced damage zone fell by 26% and 11%, respectively. The range of the loose circle is reduced, which is conducive to improving the long-term stability of the roadway. The research provides a safe and economical tunneling method with excellent application prospects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".