Stamen dimorphism, bee visitation, and pollen removal in three species of <i>Agalinis</i> (Orobanchaceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stamen dimorphism of buzz-pollinated flowers frequently involves heteranthery, where vibrated, poricidal anthers produce less pollen of lower viability. These anthers often allow for a progressive dispensing of pollen as predicted by the pollen presentation hypothesis. Buzz-pollinated, didynamous stamens of Agalinis lack poricidal anthers but possess staminal trichomes. We quantified pollen characteristics, bee visitation, and foraging behavior (sternotribic vs. nototribic) for three buzz-pollinated species of Agalinis. Single visits to Agalinis auriculata (Michx.) S.F.Blake were performed to evaluate pollen dispensing associated with different foraging behaviors. For all three species, the abaxial stamens, those vibrated by bees, possessed greater total pollen of larger size and viability than smaller adaxial stamens, thus not being heterantherous. Most bee visits (81%) were inverted whether vibrating stamens or not. Single visits to flowers of A. auriculata removed between 75%–80% of the available pollen in contrast to a more progressive dispensing of pollen, likely a consequence of filament trichomes allowing vibrating bees a better grasp of stamens. The flower form of Agalinis appears to encourage inverted foraging, which has not led to a division of labor for the dimorphic stamens typical of heterantherous species. The annual habit and short-lived flowers in these species likely select for rapid pollen loss.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".