Hofmeister Effects of Group II Cations as Seen in the Unfolding of Ribonuclease A
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This work studies the effects of alkaline‐earth cation addition on the unfolding free energy of a model protein, pancreatic Ribonuclease A (RNase A) by differential scanning calorimetry analysis. RNase A was chosen because: a) it does not specifically bind Mg2+, Ca2+ and Sr2+ cations and b) maintains its structural integrity throughout a large pH range. We have measured and compared the effects of NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 and SrCl2 addition on the melting point of RNase A. Our results show that even though the addition of group II cations to aqueous solvent reduces the solubility of nonpolar residues (and enhances the hydrophobic effect), their interactions with the amide moieties are strong enough to “salt‐them‐in” the solvent, thereby causing an overall protein stability reduction. We demonstrate that the amide‐cation interactions are a major contributor to the observed “Hofmeister Effects” of group II cations in protein folding. Our analysis suggests that protein folding “Hofmeister Effects” of group II cations, are mostly the aggregate sum of how cation addition simultaneously salts‐out hydrophobic moieties by increasing the cavitation free energy, while promoting the salting‐in of amide moieties through contact pair formation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".