Cooperativism and the Democratization of Capitalism: Performance of the Business Segments Credit Unions and Banks in Brazil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents the results of an empirical research investigating economic and financial information of the business segments Credit Cooperatives and Banks in Brazil’s financial industry, from 2014 to 2018, with the purpose of assessing which of the two segments has more productivity and performance and enables a contribution to the democratization of capitalism, based on specific indicators. Credit unions are anchors for social economy, they operate a hybrid business model that simultaneously fulfills the requirements of the secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy. Banks are institutions characterized as belonging to the secondary sector of the economy. The research methodology is positivist and non-parametric, supported by linear equations for calculating the productivity and performance indicators. The sample is made up of the 50 largest credit unions and the 50 largest banks, classified according to the criterion of each institution’s asset value, which represents 28.5% and 89.2% of the aggregate asset of each segment, respectively. The results obtained present robust evidence that the business segment Banks operates at a higher level of productivity, and the business sector Credit Cooperatives operates at a higher level of performance and contributes to the democratization of capitalism. The contributions made by this paper are relevant to the literature, and can aid in future investigations, with applications in segments with more diversity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".