Famine, tea, and bread in Ireland: <scp>C282Y</scp> and modern human microevolution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The HFE gene variant allele C282Y connected with hereditary hemochromatosis occurs at a frequency of about 10%–11% in Ireland, the highest known frequency in the modern global population. In this synthesis, we draw together an interdisciplinary literature to offer an agriculturally‐grounded, biocultural example of modern human adaptation and microevolution that addresses Ireland's comparatively high C282Y frequency. We argue that changing subsistence‐, diet‐, and nutrition‐related stressors framed under colonial governance played a role shaping the biology of Ireland's population historically, maintaining the C282Y variant. A population accustomed to challenges of poverty and difficult living conditions, the Irish fell under the influence of massive ecological stress with the fungus (Phytophthora infestans), the failed potato crops, and the Great Famine of 1845–52. From there, in the post‐Famine era, diet and nutrition altered further as the potato was exchanged for gluten‐rich wheaten bread and stewed black tea. With risks for iron deficiency anemia heightened by the cultural construction of diet and niche, an adaptive iron‐conserving advantage continued to be offered by the C282Y allele, influencing survival into the post‐Famine era. More recently, however, C282Y has been reframed as a potential risk in the context of contemporary, iron fortified diets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".