Multidefect N‐Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5‐</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>@CNTs Incorporated into Capillary Transport Framework for Li<sup>+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> Storage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract As an ion‐embedded material with small strain and low transport energy barrier, the limited ion transport rate and conductivity of niobium pentaoxide (Nb 2 O 5 ) are the main factors limiting its application in lithium/sodium storage systems. In this work, the microsphere composites (N‐Nb 2 O 5‐ x @CNTs) are prepared by combining Nb 2 O 5 , rich in nitrogen doping and vacancy defects, with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) penetrating the bulk phase. With the capillary effect, CNTs can enable the rapid electrolyte infiltration into the microspheres, thus shorting the Li + /Na + transport path. In addition, CNTs also hinder the direct contact between the electrolyte and Nb 2 O 5 , and inhibit the irreversible reaction. Meanwhile, nitrogen doping and oxygen vacancy defects reduce the energy barrier of Li + /Na + transport, and improve their transport rate, proved by density functional theory. Highly conductive CNTs and unpaired electrons from defects also ameliorate the insulation property of Nb 2 O 5 . Therefore, N‐Nb 2 O 5‐ x @CNTs display good electrochemical performance in both Li/Na half‐cell and Li/Na hybrid capacitors. Interestingly, kilogram‐scale microsphere composites can be produced in laboratory conditions by using industrial grade raw materials, implying its potential for practical application.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".