Hawaiian Endemic Honeycreepers (Drepanidinae) are Nectar Robbers of the Invasive Banana Poka (Passiflora tarminiana, Passifloraceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The human transport and subsequent naturalization of species outside their natural ranges has led to novel interactions between introduced and native species throughout the world. Understanding how introduced species impact pollination networks is useful for both invasive species management and native species conservation and restoration. Banana poka (Passiflora tarminiana), a hummingbird pollinated liana native to South America, has naturalized in higher elevation forests on the islands of Kauaʻi, Maui and Hawaiʻi in the Hawaiian archipelago, habitats in which endemic honeycreepers still occur. To develop an understanding of the interaction between banana poka and honeycreepers, we undertook a floral visitation study at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge on the island of Hawaiʻi where three nectivorous honeycreepers and banana poka co-occur. Two honeycreeper species, ʻiʻiwi (Drepanis coccinea) and Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi (Chlorodrepanis virens), nectar robbed all of the banana poka flowers that they visited, ostensibly due to the length of the corolla tubes (60–90 mm long) which physically inhibits both honeycreeper species from accessing nectar via the mouth of the corolla. In addition, the standing crop and sugar composition of banana poka floral nectar were assessed. Flowers produced large standing crops (375 ± 132 μL) of nectar containing 29.1 ± 1% (w/v) of sugar that was sucrose-dominant (mean: 95.6 ± 0.5% sucrose in each sample). Our observations suggest that the floral nectar of banana poka may form a substantial component of the diet of both honeycreeper species at the study site. Further research is needed to understand how infestations of banana poka affect bird pollination networks at this and other sites in Hawaiʻi.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".