Antimicrobial susceptibility of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida, and Streptococcus suis isolated from diseased pigs in the United States and Canada, 2016 to 2020
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: To report the in vitro susceptibility to veterinary antimicrobial agents of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida, and Streptococcus suis isolated from diseased pigs in the United States and Canada from 2016 to 2020. Materials and methods: In vitro broth microdilution susceptibility testing for minimal inhibitory concentration values were performed using ten antimicrobial agents (ampicillin, ceftiofur, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, penicillin, tetracycline, tilmicosin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tulathromycin) with A pleuropneumoniae (n = 250), B bronchiseptica (n = 602), P multocida (n = 874), and S suis (n = 1223) following methods and susceptibility breakpoints approved by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates were 100% susceptible to ceftiofur, florfenicol, and tulathromycin and P multocida isolates were 100% susceptible to ceftiofur. High rates of susceptibility (95% to > 99%) were observed for A pleuropneumoniae to tilmicosin; for P multocida to ampicillin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, penicillin, tilmicosin, and tulathromycin; for S suis to ampicillin and florfenicol; and for B bronchiseptica to tulathromycin. Tetracycline exhibited low susceptibility rates against A pleuropneumoniae (0% to 10.6%), P multocida (23.2% to 38.2%), and S suis (0.8% to 2.1%). No susceptibility of B bronchiseptica to ampicillin (0%) and low rates of susceptibility to florfenicol (3.9% to 15.2%) were also observed. Implications: Under the conditions of this study, the predominant pathogens associated with swine respiratory disease in the United States and Canada, A pleuropneumoniae, B bronchiseptica, P multocida, and S suis collected during 2016 to 2020, display high rates of susceptibility to most veterinary antimicrobial agents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".