Bibliographic record
Abstract
Subsurface contamination is a significant problem due to excessive fertigation and industrial and domestic wastewater discharge. With numerical modeling and geophysical tool development, subsurface contaminant research has become easier to implement and study. However, there is still a gap in coupling the biochemical processes and geophysical signals. Such a coupling model is needed to facilitate understanding subsurface processes and provide further theoretical basis to practice and field monitoring. Thus, this research aims to simulate the self-potential (SP) signature in response to physical and biochemical dynamics in the subsurface. For the physico-bio-chemical model, the processes of water flow, solute transport, biochemical reactions, microbial dynamics, adsorption, and gas flow are considered. Specifically, the biochemical cycles related to C, N, Mn, Fe, and S are incorporated in the model. The physico-bio-chemical model is then coupled with the SP model. The SP model is addressed by Poisson’s continuity equation, based on streaming and redox potential contribution. The streaming potential is calculated by the effective excess charge density and the water flow velocity, while the Butler-Volmer equation solves the redox potential. The results show that redox processes dominate the SP signals. Oxygen and nitrate concentrations present positive relationships with redox potential and dominate the redox potential in the oxic and anoxic environment, respectively. Nitrification and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) aerobic oxidation rates show positive relationships with redox potential. In contrast, the denitrification rate presents a negative relationship. The higher reaction rates for different redox processes also correspond to their optimal redox potential ranges. The streaming potential affected by water content and flux contributes little to SP, and the negative values along with soil depth become less remarkable. Generally, the SP and redox potential model can better reflect redox species concentrations and reaction rates, while the streaming potential model can reflect the water content and flux dynamics. Thus, the research can guide the detection of redox-sensitive contamination and water leakage in the subsurface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.025 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.027 | 0.029 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.074 | 0.061 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".