Exercise increases the expression of glucose transport and lipid metabolism genes at optimum level time point 6 hours post exercise in rat skeletal muscle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aim Type 2 diabetes constitutes more than 90% of all diabetic cases and is characterized by persistent increase in glucose level in the blood (hyperglycemia) as well as lipid and protein metabolic disorders that may induce insulin resistance. Increased lipid levels induce type 2 diabetes by interfering with the insulin‐signaling pathway responsible for glucose transport. Individuals who suffer from type 2 diabetes are usually characterized in part by down‐regulation of glucose transport genes such as glut4 and down‐regulation of mitochondrial lipid oxidizing genes such as carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 (Cpt‐1). Nuclear respiratory factor (NRF)‐1 is a mitochondrial transcriptional factor which is shown to be involved in glucose transport and is set as a potential therapeutic modality in the treatment and management of type 2 diabetes. In this study, we sought to access NRF‐1 and its target genes expression during exercise which is crucial in glucose transport and lipid oxidation. Method Five to six weeks old male Wistar rats were exercised to identify the time point for an optimum increase in the levels of NRF‐1 and its target genes. Gastrocnemius muscles were harvested after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 15 h post‐exercise and non‐exercise rats (control). Primers were used to amplify the region of following genes; Nrf‐1, glut 4, carnitine palmitoyl transferase (Cpt‐1 & Cpt‐2), peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma co‐activator 1 (Pgc‐1), mef2a, and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase‐1 (Acc‐1). Relative mRNA expression was normalized to the Actin reference gene. Results From the result of this study, cpt‐1, Nrf‐1, mef2a, glut4, cpt2, and Pgc‐1 showed 2.5, 8, 1.2, 4.1, 4.6, 3.5‐folds increases respectively after 8h post‐exercise compared with control whereas Acc‐1 showed a 3.1‐fold decrease in gene expression ratio after 6 h post‐exercise compared with control. Nrf‐1 binding to cpt‐1 and mef2a increased with 3 and 3.5‐folds respectively 6h post‐exercise compared with control. Conclusion Conclusively, nrf‐1 was increased by exercise and also, it's binding to target genes which has huge implications in ameliorating type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".