Spatiotemporal Clustering of Seismicity in the Kiskatinaw Seismic Monitoring and Mitigation Area
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Induced seismicity has become a concern for industry and nearby residents. Fluid-induced earthquakes are a side effect of industrial operations such as hydraulic fracturing, where high-pressure fluids are pumped into the Earth’s crust to increase hydrocarbon flow to a well from petroleum-bearing rock formations. Previous studies on fluid-induced seismicity showed the existence of spatiotemporal clustering and aftershock activity. Here, we study seismic catalogs from the Kiskatinaw Seismic Monitoring and Mitigation Area (KSMMA), British Columbia, Canada to investigate spatiotemporal clustering and determine the aftershock activity due to secondary triggering mechanisms such as static and dynamic stress changes arising from preceding seismic events. Our analysis is based on modern tools of statistical seismology such as the Bi-test and triggering analysis. We find significant aftershock triggering and spatiotemporal clustering across the KSMMA but with large spatial variations, which might be indicative of pre-existing stresses and fault systems. In particular, aftershock triggering is characterized by rapidly decaying spatial distributions of aftershocks beyond the mainshock rupture area and by a strong dominance of small but frequent triggers, consistent with that observed for hydraulic fracturing and saltwater disposal elsewhere.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".