Use of accelerometers to assess and describe trailer motion and its impact on carcass bruising in market cows transported under North American conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Increased trailer motion, coupled with large accelerations and decelerations, has been associated with decreased carcass quality and increased stress indicators in cattle, sheep, and hogs. However, motion of livestock trailers has not been measured in North-American cattle semi-trailers over long distances (> 1000 km). The objectives of this study were to develop a practical method of measuring transport trailer accelerations, to describe the range of accelerations cattle are exposed to under North American conditions, and to conduct a preliminary analysis of trailer accelerations for each compartment and its effect on carcass bruising. The root mean square (RMS) of acceleration was measured at a sampling rate of 200 Hz in 3 orthogonal axes; x (vertical), y (front-to-rear), and z (lateral; side-to-side) by clamping an accelerometer to the cross beam below each of the five compartments of 8 trailers transporting a total of 330 animals (674 ± 33.3 kg BW) from an assembly yard to a processing facility. Journeys took place on separate days and ranged in duration from 13 to 15.7 h. The number and severity of bruises per carcass were determined prior to trimming for n = 290 carcasses and the number of bruises per carcass ranged between 0.38 and 12.75, whereas the bruising score per carcass ranged between 0.38 and 14.88. Mean number of bruises and severity of bruises (bruising scores were assigned according to size using a three-point scale: 1) ≤ 6.5 cm, 2) 6.5 to 12 cm, and 3) ≥ 12 cm and bruising severity was determined by applying the weighted score to each bruise according to bruise area) per carcass was 4.52 ± 2.43 (n) and 5.31 ± 2.84, respectively. Accelerations in commercial transport vehicles were found to range between 0.33 and 1.90 m/s2, whereas the mean RMS of acceleration for all trailers (n = 31 accelerometers) was 1.01 ± 0.32 m/s2, 0.72 ± 0.31 m/s2, and 0.97 ± 0.30 m/s2 for the x, y, and z axes, respectively. Horizontal acceleration was greatest in the nose, back, and doghouse compartments (P = 0.05), whereas lateral acceleration was greatest in the nose and back compartments (P = 0.08). Although the nose, back, and doghouse compartments had the highest RMS values for the lateral and horizontal axes, there were no significant relationships between bruising and acceleration. Replication of this research is required to further understand the relationships between trailer motion, carcass bruising, and overall animal welfare in cattle transported long distances.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".