Un exemple de transgression : l’intrusion de l’Italien dans <i>Candide</i> de Voltaire
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article considers the multi-faceted Italian in Voltaire’s philosophical tale Candide as figured in the old woman, the eunuch and Pococuranté. It examines the study of contradictory signs that make up the Italian ethnos in Candide, an example of projection in which the other, the foreigner, nevertheless remains undefinable. In the eighteenth century, the figure of the Italian was imbued with political and moral ambiguity. Often described through degrading stereotypes and a dampened discourse, the figure of the foreigner or other often mitigates the severity painted in a cruel, violent and immoral reality, a paradoxical reality that represents France and Italy in an epoch where disorder reigns, and in a century that, despite its attempts to wax philosophical, is not philosophical enough. Making the other speak, especially in his own language, therefore becomes a writerly ruse, a discursive strategy adopted by French philosophers and novelists such as Voltaire to communicate a reformist agenda, at once reactionary and rebellious. Through often denigrating commentary in Italian, the fictional discourse of the Enlightenment complicates a simpler classical narrativity and becomes a topos of transgression, a shocking locution, that, masked under the guise of a harmless farce, forces one to reflect on often humiliating topics such as rape, fanaticism, violence or injustice. A discourse overdetermined by a superficial ethnic referent thus underlies more serious preoccupations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".