Treatment Outcomes of High-Risk Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (HR-NMIBC) in Real-World Evidence (RWE) Studies: Systematic Literature Review (SLR)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mihaela Georgiana Musat,1 Christina Soeun Kwon,1 Elizabeth Masters,2 Slaven Sikirica,3 Debduth B Pijush,3 Anna Forsythe4 1Evidence Generation, Purple Squirrel Economics, a Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Cytel, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA; 2Real World Evidence, Pfizer, New York, NY, USA; 3Global Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Pfizer, New York, NY, USA; 4Value and Access, Purple Squirrel Economics, a Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Cytel, Inc., Waltham, MA, USACorrespondence: Mihaela Georgiana MusatPurple Squirrel Economics, a Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Cytel, Inc, 1050 Winter Street, Waltham, MA, 02451, USAEmail mihaela.musat@pshta.comBackground: To date, there has been limited synthesis of RWE studies in high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC). The objective of this research was to conduct a systematic review of published real-world evidence to better understand the real-world burden and treatment patterns in HR-NMIBC.Methods: An SLR was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines with the scope defined by the Population, Intervention Comparators, Outcomes, and Study design (PICOS) criteria. EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases (Jan 2015–Jul 2020) were searched, and relevant congress abstracts (Jan 2018–Jul 2020) identified. The final analysis only included studies that enrolled ≥ 100 patients with HR-NMIBC from the US, Europe, Canada, and Australia.Results: The SLR identified 634 RWE publications in NMIBC, of which 160 studies reported data in HR-NMIBC. The average age of patients in the studies was 71 years, and 79% were males. The rates of BCG intravesical instillations ranged from 3% to 86% (29– 95% for induction and 8– 83% for maintenance treatment). Five-year outcomes were 17– 89% recurrence-free survival (longest survival in patients completing BCG maintenance), 58– 89% progression-free survival, 71– 96% cancer-specific survival (lowest survival in BCG-unresponsive patients), and 28– 90% overall survival (lowest survival in patients who did not receive BCG or instillation therapy).Conclusion: BCG treatment rates and survival outcomes in patients with HR-NMIBC vary in the real world, with better survival seen in patients completing maintenance BCG, responding to treatment, and not progressing to muscle-invasive disease. There is a need to better understand the factors associated with BCG use and discontinuation and for an effective treatment that improves outcomes in HR-NMIBC. Generalization of these results is limited by variations in data collection, reporting, and methodologies used across RWE studies.Keywords: real-world outcomes, high-risk NMIBC
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.042 | 0.134 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.008 | 0.012 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.016 | 0.013 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".