Insight into contact forces in crushable sand using experiments and predictive particle-scale modelling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, an attempt is made to predict the evolving statistics of inter-particle contact forces during comminution using grain-scale computational modelling. A validation is first carried out by creating a one-to-one virtual avatar of an Ottawa sand specimen from three-dimensional X-ray tomography with level sets and comparing the data from an oedometric test to the model's prediction. The predictive capabilities are confirmed by comparing the constitutive response, grain size distribution and changes in particle shapes in both the experiment and model. Once validated, the predicted contact forces and particle stresses are investigated. It is found that the largest particles experience the largest forces. Despite larger particles being weaker on average, many survive because they are on the stronger side of the particle strength distribution and also have a higher coordination number producing a more isotropic stress state in the particle. These highest forces are largely aligned with the specimen axis, demonstrating that larger particles provide the strength in the loading direction. Meanwhile forces in the radial direction are more broadly distributed, indicating that small particles play a significant part in providing radial stability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".