Temporal Variation of Meropenem Resistance in E. coli Isolated from Sewage Water in Islamabad, Pakistan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The WHO has classified carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in most critical priority pathogens that pose a threat to human health. The present study investigated the prevalence of meropenem-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) in relation to its temporal variation in different seasons along with its resistance markers in sewage water. E. coli was selected on MacConkey agar containing meropenem (3 µg/mL). There were 27% of sites/sewage samples carrying meropenem-resistant E. coli. All E. coli were confirmed through the amplification of the uidA gene. All isolated E. coli were multidrug-resistant (MDR), and among them, 51% were extensively drug-resistant (XDR). An antibiogram determined against 15 antibiotics showed the highest resistance to ampicillin and cefotaxime (98% each) and lowest resistance to fosfomycin (2%). Phylogenetic groups and resistance gene analysis through PCR showed a significant co-occurrence of carbapenemases with extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs), plasmid encoded quinolone, and colistin resistance genes. The higher number of resistance genes in E. coli isolates in community sewage indirectly indicate that these isolates circulate abundantly in the community.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".