Measurements of absolute, SI-traceable lunar irradiance with the airborne lunar spectral irradiance (air-LUSI) instrument
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The airborne lunar spectral irradiance (air-LUSI) instrument is designed to make low uncertainty measurements of the lunar spectral irradiance from an ER-2 aircraft from altitudes above 95% of the atmosphere. Measurements cover the visible and near infrared spectral region (350 nm to 1050 nm) and are traceable to the international system of units. Five demonstration flights were conducted in November 2019 at NASA’s Armstrong Flight Research Center. During that campaign, air-LUSI measured the spectral irradiance at lunar phase angles ranging from 10° to 60°. This work provides an overview of the air-LUSI instrument, the lunar irradiance measurements made during demonstration flights, a description of our calibration approach, and summary of the uncertainty budget. Based on the flight results and laboratory measurements, we estimate the instrument is capable of measuring lunar irradiance, propagated to the top-of-the atmosphere, with combined standard uncertainty of 1% ( k = 1) or less over the spectral region from 450 nm to 980 nm. An examination of the uncertainty budget leads to a path forward toward potentially achieving uncertainties of 0.6% in lunar irradiance over much of the spectral range for future flights.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it